126 Stefan Koelsch Figure 4: Grand-average ERPs elicited by the stimuli shown in Figure 3, participants ignored the musical stimulus, concentrated on the words, and answered in 10% of the trials whether the last sentence was correct or (syntactically or semantically) in-correct; in addition they monitored the timbre of the chord sequences and detected infrequently occurring timbre deviants. ERPs were elicited on chords and are shown for the different word conditions (note that only difference waves are shown). (A) The solid difference wave shows ERAN (indicated by the arrow) and N5 elicited on syntactically and semantically correct words. The dashed difference wave shows ERAN and N5, elicited when chords are presented on morpho-syntactically incor-rect (but semantically correct) words. Under the latter condition, the ERAN (but not the N5) is reduced. (B) The solid difference wave is identical to the solid difference wave of (A), showing the ERAN and the N5 (indicated by the arrow) elicited on syntactically and semantically correct words. The dotted difference wave shows ERAN and N5, elicited when chords are presented on semantically incorrect (but morpho-syntactically correct words). Under the latter condition, the N5 (but not the ERAN) is reduced. (C) shows the direct comparison of the difference waves in which words were syntactically incorrect (dashed line) or semantically incorrect (dotted line). These ERPs show that the ERAN is infuenced by the morpho-syntac-tic processing of words, but not by the semantic processing of words. By contrast, the N5 is infuenced by the semantic processing of words, but not by the morpho-syntactic processing of words. Data from Steinbeis & Koelsch (2008b).